The second was the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines that began in 1899. Colossal goddess figures and other national symbols were overwritten with the message on their clothing and the flags they carried. and Distributor, 2004). The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Théophile Steinlen. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. A poster headlined “A Union in the Interest of Humanity – Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time,” probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail. The enlarged detail below reveals that the flags of the opponents say the same thing in different words, each justifying their wars to uphold the principle of the “Golden Rule.”, “Are our teachings, then, in vain?” Udo Keppler, Puck, October 3, 1900. The White Man s Burden; Political Cartoon Analysis; 2 pages. 799–820 (June 2000). The cartoon shows a Caucasian holding a non-white man. It ends with a stranger entering the church and delivering a devastating description of the carnage experienced by invaded countries. It includes a one page reading that details the history and significance of White Man's Burden and Social Darwinism. ), “Is This Imperialism?”: the Boxer Uprising. U.S. regiments were transported from the Philippines to join the Allied force. Some of the poorest provinces in the north were further stressed by a destructive combination of flooding and prolonged drought. Source: Library of Congress. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons (San Francisco: TBoli Pub. “A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. Although protested by some commanders, no single approach prevailed among these competitive armies thrown together in a loose coalition. As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britain’s bloody war of conquest in South Africa. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). “Der Traum der Kaiserin von China” (The Dream of the Empress of China), Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. No quarter will be given! It promotes a colonialist philosophy that dehumanizes the. (This coincided with the annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in congressional votes in June and July of the same year.) By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. The march of “civilization” against “barbarism” is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. 3, pp. This military dimension of the multi-ethnic “United Kingdom” is often forgotten. Le Silence” (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. ), … the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. Contemporary conflicts are spelled out over dark clouds. In lines 7 and 8, Kipling describes the Africans as "Your new-caught, sullen peoples/ Half-devil and half-child" making them seem . Jones, Toby Craig. China in Convulsion. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the “Think It Over” battlefield. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.”. The U.S. follows Britain’s imperial lead carrying people from “Barbarism” at the base of the hill to “Civilization” at its summit. — The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.” Veneration of Britain’s treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. Source: Library of Congress. William!! The scene above turns the tables on the Harper’s Weekly cover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. Bello, Walden. 13, No. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut.” Udo Keppler, Puck, December 10, 1902. Ricard, Serge. PDF. Western missionaries had penetrated the interior, and the missions they established disrupted village traditions. “Our Christmas Tree.” Udo Keppler, Puck, December 27, 1899. Source: The Weimar Classics Foundation. Gambone, Robert L. Life on the Press The Popular Art and Illustrations of GeorgeBenjamin Luks (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2009). The larger objective, to gain control of the Boer territories, was part of Britain’s colonial scheme for “Cape to Cairo” hegemony in Africa. The weekly magazine Judge, a rival to Puck that was published from 1881 to 1947, opened 1899 with a barbed rendering of the Anglo nations gorging on the globe. “The March of the Strenuous Civilization.” C. S. Taylor, Life, April 11, 1901. "The White Man's Burden": Kipling's Hymn to U.S. “Scorched earth” tactics destroyed scores of villages. Source: Library of Congress. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijing—overflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christians—was put to siege. This special issue of L’Assiette au Beurre drew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. Man’s Burden,” in the caption to this Life cover published shortly after Kipling’s poem. Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et d’avoir ainsi l’illusion de la liberté… (Rapport officiel au War Office. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literally—and often grotesquely—of various shades of darker complexion. Take up the White Man's burden, And if you write in verse, Flatter your Nation's vices He conveys that the white man has a moral burden to civilize the barbaric non-white people who live in uncivilized parts of the world. China peeps over the wall. Louis Dalrymple’s exceptionally detailed 1899 Puck graphic includes racist and denigrating depictions within a schoolhouse metaphor to demonstrate the right to govern newly acquired territories without their consent. Death to all Schools but Ours.” The last marcher holds up “Drummer’s Samples,” referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. The synergy of piousness and power is the subject of a Keppler cartoon, “The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization,” in the January 12, 1898, issue of Puck. Though black Africans did not fight in the war, over 100,000 were rounded up and confined in camps separate from the white internees. The poem was initially composed . This worksheet goes with the activity "Art, Commentary and Evidence: Analysis of "The White Man's Burden." It helps students analyze several poems and secondary stories to understand a range of responses to U.S. imperialism at the turn of the twentieth century. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. In the poem, Kipling presents imperialism in a positive way. “Selling Empire: American Propaganda and War in the Philippines.”The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerce—“Suez Canal” (completed in 1869) and “Managua Canal” (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceans—an undertaking later transferred to Panama). With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remained—often servants left to protect property—usually met with violence. “School Begins.” Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Silence). The cartoon links might with right, as the cannon is pushed and dragged forward by clergy identified by their headgear: skullcap, biretta, clerical hat, top hat, and distinctive English-style shovel hat. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. — The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.”. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in the New York Times on July 30: “Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. Hanna was a wealthy businessman with investments in coal and iron who financed McKinley’s 1896 election campaign with record-breaking fundraising that led to the defeat of opponent William Jennings Bryan. Recommended citation: Ellen Sebring, Civilization & Barbarism: Cartoon Commentary & “The White Man’s Burden” (1898–1902), Volume 13, Issue 27, No. The caption reference to “harvest” surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLife’s American readers. “Colonial success” is equated with “chivalry” and “invincibility.”, “A Union in the Interest of Humanity – Civilization. “Misery Loves Company”: Parallel Colonial Wars (1899-1902). Along with his burden of steel, trains, sewing machines, and other industrial goods, Uncle Sam carries a book titled “Education, Religion” in a nod to the rhetoric of moral uplift that accompanied the commercial goals of the civilizing mission. How such uncivilized behavior fit the rhetoric of the civilizing mission is the subject of the Life cartoon, “A Red-Letter Day.” Against a backdrop of distant flames, a Filipino man—sympathetically drawn as tall, handsome, and heroic in contrast to the usual caricature of a tiny, expressionless savage in a grass skirt—is questioned by a clergyman. “Our ‘Civilized’ Heathen” asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. 13, No. In mid 1899, Life published this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. Though “carving the Chinese melon” was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France. The regular army was dissolved after the war and the ironclad warships gradually fell into disrepair. At the same time, however, the suppression of “The War Prayer” helps highlight the courage and critical edge that many political cartoonists brought to the very same subject of spreading death and destruction in the name of civilization and progress. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. “The White Man’s Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling).” Victor Gillam, Judge, April 1, 1899. Harper’s Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned “Uncle Sam’s New Class in the Art of Self-Government.” The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. Even the Civil War is referenced, in a wall plaque: “The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent.” Refuting the right of indigenous rule was based on demonstrating a population’s lack of preparation for self-governance. The feminine representations of imperial nations pictured here include Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. Feng, Yongping, “The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.” ChineseJournal of International Politics 1 (1) pp. The archetypal dominance of “Civilization” over “Barbarism” is conveyed in a 1902 Puck graphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation. Brown, Frederick. At the same time, Britain was fighting the Anglo-Boer War in South Africa. Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twain’s critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about “Civilization and Progress.” (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white man’s burden as “Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.”) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully worked—but not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: “(to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Mott, Frank Luther. Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the “savage wars of peace” in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. No one in this thread is calling for the banning of any book or idea. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with “The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard—” and sentimentalized the “savage wars of peace” as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. “Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade”: the Asia Market. We had no design of aggrandizement and no ambition of conquest. On May 1—a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was published—Commodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. Jean Veber, L’Assiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. ''The White Man's Burden'' reflects commonly shared beliefs in British and U.S. society at the turn of the twentieth century, including the belief in white supremacy, the debased character,. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons in Puck and Judge. All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. Source: Library of Congress. W. H. P. “Signs of Promise.” The Advocate of Peace, pp. [p. 199], “The Way We Get the War News. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from “Our Christmas Tree,” including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories “Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines,” condescendingly drawn as grateful children. Rudyard Kipling's famous poem "The White Man's Burden" was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of "civilization and progress" to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. China’s “Worn Out Traditions”—represented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynasty—are about to be cut with the shears of “19th Century Progress.”, Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. They considered the work a burden and thought that the Africans were savages. The aggressive quest for new markets—China’s millions being the most coveted—was justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. A History of American Magazines. “Our ‘Civilized’ Heathen. 83-108 (2006). French artists, on the other hand, leveled charges of barbarism against Great Britain and other imperial powers, including their own country, in vivid graphics. When this cartoon was published, the foreign Legation Quarter in Beijing was besieged by Boxers and Qing troops. Britannia—Daughter! “Civilization” warns China’s passive emperor to stop the “Anarchy,” “Murder,” and “Riot” spread by Boxer insurgents—visualized as a dragon crawling over the city wall—attacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. 1898, Donaldson Litho Co. She researches visual narrative and digital historiography using the visual historical record.This article was adapted from Visualizing Cultures. Driven by competition with each other and economic pressures at home, the world’s major powers ventured to ever-distant lands to spread their religion, culture, power, and sources of profits. In an 1898 two-page spread in Puck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion “After Many Years.” Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. As the golden goose, China’s perceived mass market was to be protected for free trade against takeover by increasingly assertive foreign powers. The poem's title suggests the White Man has a moral responsibility to better the lives of native . From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. The poem cartoon illustration by Victor Gillam, showing iconic figures from the U. The image appeared in the June 27, 1901 issue of L’Assiette au Beurre by Steinlen titled, “A Vision de Hugo, 1802–1902.” The full mural decries the bloodshed of colonial warfare in Turkey, China, and Africa. “Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian—Acts xxvi, 28.” William H. Walker, Life, April 25, 1901. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. “Le Royaume-Uni” (United Kingdom) Jean Veber, L’Assiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Take up the White Man's burden- Have done with childish days- The lightly proferred laurel, (2) The easy, ungrudged praise. Ugly and shocking scenes of violence in 19th-century American life are ironically captioned as “refined and elegant” to challenge the self-image of a nation contributing cash “to save the heathen of foreign lands” while ignoring its own barbarity. Even the language of Life’s caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled “The Strenuous Life.” Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger …. “Hawaii” and “Porto Rico” are model female students. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. The film was written and directed by Desmond Nakano.The film revolves around Louis Pinnock (John Travolta), a white factory worker, who kidnaps Thaddeus Thomas (Harry Belafonte), a black factory owner for firing him . Analysis. The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western “civilization” against barbarians—or as the poem put it, “Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.”. View White Mans Burden Cartoon Analysis.docx from CS 2800E at adnoc schools. Students will be able to describe different arguments, for and against, United States imperialism. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of “Civilization” (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of “China” (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol.
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